Regulation

how do they make decisions on films?

In order to protect children from unsuitable and even harmful content in films and videos and to give consumers information they might need about a particular film or video before deciding whether or not to view it, the BBFC examines and age rates films and videos before they are released. This independent scrutiny prior to release ensures the highest possible level of protection and empowerment.

We watch films and videos all the way through and award an age rating and insight to each one. We reach an age rating by applying the standards and criteria.

what are the criteria for a 15 certificate film?

Any of the following:

•   strong violence
•  frequent strong language (e.g. 'f***').
•   portrayals of sexual activity
•   strong verbal references to sex
•   sexual nudity
•   brief scenes of sexual violence or verbal references to sexual violence
•   discriminatory language or behaviour
•   drug taking

At 15 there is no upper limit on the number of uses of strong language (e.g. ‘f***’).
Occasionally there may be uses of the strongest terms (e.g. 'c***'), depending on the manner in which they are used, who is using the language, its frequency and any special contextual justification. However, continued or aggressive use will not normally be passed 15.

what are the criteria for a 18 certificate film?

18 works are for adults and can contain strong issues such as:

•   very strong violence
•   frequent strong language (e.g. 'f***') and / or very strong language (e.g. ‘c***’)
•   strong portrayals of sexual activity
•   scenes of sexual violence
•   strong horror
•   strong blood and gore
•   real sex (in some circumstances)
•   discriminatory language and behaviour

why did slumdog millionaire get a 15 certificate?

strong language and violence.There is occasional use of strong language ('f**k') in English, as well as untranslated uses in Hindi. Occasional scenes of strong violence occur, including a scene in which a group of Muslims are attacked and beaten in the street, a man being set on fire, a shooting, the impressionistic blinding of a young boy, and scenes of torture in which a character is repeatedly electrocuted.

why did pride get a 15 certificate?

Occasional strong language ('f**k'), as well as a number of discriminatory terms, including 'queer', 'poof' and 'dyke'. The use of these words as insults is not condoned.

Verbal and visual sex references include sight of men in a club wearing 'bondage' clothing, including one with a ball gag in his mouth, and a scene in which women roar with laughter as they find a dildo and some porn magazines in a bedroom. The images in the magazines include strong sexualised nudity, but the images appear only briefly and in a very clearly comic context.

Further issues include some drug use, with one character occasionally smoking joints. There is also very mild violence, including a clash between miners and police with angry shoving and shouting, and a scene in which a brick and lit fireworks are thrown through a shop window, but no one inside is hurt.

why did kick-ass get a 15 certificate?

Frequent use of strong language ('f**k') occurs alongside a single aggressive use of very strong language ('c**t') used by a young girl towards the members of a gang.

Frequent scenes of strong bloody violence include stabbings, shootings, throat cutting, severing of limbs, and scenes of martial arts combat. Sequences are often punctuated by humour and are heavily stylised, although some sequences - including a scene of torture - maintain an element of brutality. There is also some glamorisation of weaponry, including a young girl's fascination with a butterfly knife.

Occasional strong sex references include implied scenes of masturbation, and scenes of drug use feature a man smoking a 'bong' and a character snorting a line of cocaine.

controversy surrounding prides certificate from american mpaa

'US censors have once again been accused of homophobia after British drama Pride was hit with a restrictive rating.
The Motion Picture Association of America (MPAA) handed the Cannes film festival hit an R rating, which means no one under the age of 17 can legally view it without a parent or guardian. The move prompted fury from campaigners and fans of Matthew Warchus’s film, which tells how gay and lesbian activists threw their support behind a Welsh mining community during the strike of 1984. “It is outrageous, knee-jerk homophobia,” said Peter Tatchell. “There’s no significant sex or violence in Pride to justify strong ratings. The American classification board seems to automatically view any film with even the mildest gay content as unfit for people under 17".'

how important is the bbfc in the 21s century?

not really as relevant as it was a few years ago,anyone can watch any film on line however children under 12 shouldn't be able see a 18 film at the cinema just because certificates aren't important.

 The mining community


The sequence 'bread and roses' in my opinion is a true reflection on how the director wanted the mining community to be represented, this scene not only draws upon the theme of unity but also how proud these communities are of their heritage. 
The original meaning of the song bread and roses came from a speech from Rose Schneiderman, a line in that speech "The worker must have bread, but she must have roses, too." 
The slogan pairing bread and roses, appealing for both fair wages and dignified conditions, found resonance as transcending "the sometimes tedious struggles for marginal economic advances" in the "light of labor struggles as based on striving for dignity and respect". 
Also we believe that they are represented as being isolated from the rest of the county, not because Pride is set in a rural area but because the mining community has been bullied by the government.

Representations in Pride

The Mining Community.


We feel that the mining community are represented as having traditional values and they don't like change.Also we believe that they are represented as being isolated from the rest of the county, not because Pride is set in a rural area but because the mining community has been bullied by the goverment.

Pride Marketing

Pride's film trailer has historical context as it uses archive footage. I believe this is used to give Pride  

more dimension or a stronger back story.The fact Pride is based on a true story which the trailer reinforces numerously gives the film an authentic feel.  

Narrative: Slumdog Millionaire

Propps character types are used in Slumdog Millionaire. Latika is the princess character she is seen as a prize to be won by Jamal. Jamal is the hero whose purpose is to go on a quest and win the princess.

 Slumdog Millionaire’s non-linear structure and multiple story lines may make the audience believe it is something new and different. Even though Todorov’s stages of narrative aren’t in order they can still be applied to Slumdog Millionaire. The narrative follows 3 storylines through the use of flashbacks and flash forwards.  The narrative is conventional however the films editing suggests otherwise. Narrative is restricted as we only see what Jamal has witnessed through the use of flashbacks and flash forwards. This gives the impression that the flashbacks are for character development but they are really apart of the plot. At first the plot can seem confusing, although it were a puzzle to be solved except after the first flashback the audience can understand what’s going on and maybe even what the film will lead too.

Genre : Slumdog Millionaire

There are many influences of Bollywood film that can be found in Slumdog Millionaire. For example Slumdog Millionaire uses a mixture of indian and english, Particularly the character Prem often starts a sentence in hindi and finishes the sentence in english.There is a growing presence of using this is Bollywood film. The Jai Ho ending sequence is a homage to Bollywood. Bollywood typically has 'family friendly' musical numbers. Connections to typical Bollywood movies can be identified through plot points such as long lost family. Sacrifice also with the character Salim. He sacrifices himself so Jamal and Latika can be together.There are also plot points of kidnap, gangsters, sibling rivalry, and star-crossed lovers.There is also a theme of karma and religion as Latika believes her and Jamal will only meet again in death. Slumdog millionaires structure reinforces the idea of karma.The constant flashbacks, present time and flash forwards are apart of a circular plot that suggests what goes around comes around. Slumdog Millionaires soundtrack is a fusion of western and traditional indian music.
A. R. Rahman composed the score for the film. He is a famous composer of Bollywood films.



The theme of Slumdog millionaire is Romantic Drama.The kiss is Iconic for the romantic genre.
When Jamal and Latika kiss the back light behind them becomes brighter and obscures our view for a second this is very traditional in Bollywood films. Latika's character is the princess and her purpose is to be won my Jamal therefore in a way she is seen as a prize. Apart from using classic fairy tale characters like the princess, the hotel's look is very reminiscent of Cinderella. Each storyline has very different lighting. The scenes in the studio have very artificial, dark lighting where as in flashback scenes the colour is very vibrant and has earth tones.



auter vs genre



hybrid genre

paragraphs

Films are told in an order. Sequences from films are conventionally told in order like a story. 'Every story has a beginning,middle and end'(1).
The film Pulp Fiction tells its story in chapters as a book would.Different characters lead each different story line these story lines are intertwined and are connected.
However these sequences aren't chronological, the story isn't told in the order it occurs.
For example in Pulp Fiction the first scene is set in a diner with 'Pumpkin' and 'Honey Bunny'.
These two characters are planning to stage a hold-up in the diner.
This chapter is called Prologue-the Diner. According to Nick Lacey 'in conventional narrative,stories must always be chronologically constructed otherwise they would be judged to violate the rules of our universe; they would destroy the rules of logical casualty which define narrative' (2).
The ending chapter of the film takes place in the same diner. Jules and Vincent are eating breakfast and discussing Jules decision to retire.Then there is a short cut away to Pumpkin and Honey bunny moments before the hold up scene from the beginning of the film.This chapter is called Epilogue-the Diner.The ending scene is the beginning scene just told from a different persecutive from different characters 'A single story event may appear twice or even more in the plot treatment' (3).
'This increased frequency may allow us to see the same action in several ways (4).

Pulp fiction is an excellent example of an unconventional narrative as it tells its story in sequences,out of chronological order.This doesn't make sense to what the audience understand about films.'Stories surround us.In childhood, we learn fairy tales and myths. As we grow up we read short stories,novels,history and biography' (5). In these stories are characters we know such as Vladimir Propp's character types such as the villain, the princess and the hero.These character types are used in many Disney films such as Pocahontas and Aladdin and even films such as Avatar. 
Pulp fiction doesn't use these character types therefore the audience might not understand the characters purpose straight away.


Vincent from Pulp Fiction dies during the chapter 'The Gold Watch' this leaves the audience confused as they have been identifying with this character then he dies half way through the film.Vincent then reappears in the next chapter 'The Bonny Situation'. Marion Crane from Psycho also gets killed off early on in the film leaving no one for the audience to identify with. 'Perhaps the character types in film switch for the audience in this final scene, regarding Propp's theory of character types' (6). Psycho's ending was a huge plot twist as Norman's mother 'Norma Bates' who the audience was led to believe was the murderer,was actually Norman who had a split personality and portrayed both Norma and himself. Plot twists break an audiences expectations which makes a film unconventional.
'A plots withholding of events is perhaps most disruptive at the end of a film'(7). Some of audience may try to guess what will happen in the film 'We often make assumptions and inferences about events in narrative' (8). We have anticipations that are characteristics of narrative form itself' (9).


Time and space in a film can make a narrative alternative.'temporal order,we are quite accustomed to films that present events out of story order,a flashback is simply a portion of a story that the plot presents out of chronological order' (10). The purpose of using a flashback is to reveal a truth about the story or a character the audience wouldn't have known, 'We make sense of narrative,then by identifying it's events and linking them by cause and effect,time,and space'(11). In Vertigo, flashbacks are used to reveal plot twists.In Vertigo, Scottie had seen Madeleine plunge to her death making him have a break down and become clinically depressed.A flashback is used to reveal that 'Madeleine' and Judy are the same person.Time can be so vital to the plot it could be seen as the most important element to the narrative, 'Time can be so central as to be almost incorporated as a character itself' (12).

Quotations 
1.Backwards and Flash forwards by Emma Louise Howard
2. Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey
3.Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas
4.Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas
5.Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas
6.Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey
7.Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas
8.Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas
9.Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas
11.Film art- an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas
12.Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas
13.Power of time-Media Magazine-Emma Louise Howard

quotes in order

Plot/plot twist/alternative narrative(breaking expectations)

'Stories surround us.

In childhood, we learn fairy tales and myths. As we grow up we read short stories,novels,history and biography' Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas

"Going to the movies" 'We are going to see a narrative film- a film that tells a story'

'The term plot is used to describe everything visibly and audibly present in the film before us'-Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas

'A plots withholding of events is perhaps most disruptive at the end of a film' -Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and Kristin Thomas


Characters/character types

'Hollywood executives often refer to this background information,which explains characters motivation as the back story' -Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey

'Characters can only perceive  diabetic material where as the audience,obviously,can perceive everything a text has to offer,including non diegetic material'   -Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey

'Perhaps the character types in film switch for the audience in this final scene.regarding Propp's theory of character types'-Narrative and Genre by Nick Lacey

psycho-marion/pulp fiction-vincent characters die early on in the film (pulp fiction not in order) confuses audience as they have been identifying with them

Audiences expectations of narrative

 'Narrative form is most common in fictional films,but it can appear in other basic types' 

Spectators approach a narrative with definite expectations'-Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and kristin Thomas

'We have anticipations that are characteristics of narrative form itself' -Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and kristin Thomas

'We often make assumptions and inferences about events in narrative' -Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and kristin Thomas

Time/chronological order

'We make sense of narrative,then by identifying it's events and linking them by cause and effect,time,and space' Film art-an introduction David bordwell and Kristin Thomas

'temporal order,we are quite accustomed to films that present events out of story order,a flashback is simply a portion of a story that the plot presents out of chronological order'-Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and kristin Thomas

'Time can be so central as to be almost incorporated as a character itself'-Power of Time-Media Magazine-Emma Louise Howard

'A single story event may appear twice or even more in the plot treatment' -Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and kristin Thomas

'This increased frequency may allow us to see the same action in several ways-Film art-an introduction David Bordwell and kristin Thomas

'in conventional narrative,stories must always be chronologically constructed otherwise they would be judged to violate the rules of our universe; they would destroy the rules of logical casualty which define narrative' -Narrative and genre by Nick Lacey

'Every story has a beginning,middle and end'-Backwards and Flash forwards by Emma Louise Howard

case study connections
narrative conventions-psycho plot twist-audiences expectations broken

Time-chronological order-Pulp fiction order of film.the beginning and ending in the same setting,same place.

As Jules and Vincent eat breakfast in a diner, the discussion returns to Jules' decision to retire. In a brief cutaway, "Pumpkin" and "Honey Bunny" appear shortly before they initiate the hold-up from the first scene of the film. 

prologue-the diner
epilogue-the diner

Restricted narration-psycho ending/norma bates

quotations from academic sources

(No SubjeNarrative and genre by Nick Lacey

Narrative and genre by Nick Lacey

 'in conventional narrative,stories must always be chronologically constructed otherwise they would be judged to violate the rules of our universe; they would destroy the rules of logical casualty which define narrative'

 

'Like a signifier,it is what the audience perceives'

'like a signified,story is what the reader conceives or understands'

'Hollywood executives often refer to this background information,which explains characters motivation as the back story' 

'Characters can only perceive  diabetic material where as the audience,obviously,can perceive everything a text has to offer,including non diegetic material'   

'Perhaps the character types in film switch for the audience in this final scene.regarding Propp's theory of character types'

 

Power of time-media magazine-Emma Louise Howard

'Time can be so central as to be almost incorporated as a character itself'

Film art-an introduction David bordwell and kristin Thomas 

'Stories surround us.

In childhood, we learn fairy tales and myths. As we grow up we read short stories,novels,history and biography' 

"Going to the movies" 'We are going to see a narrative film- a film that tells a story' 

'Narrative form is most common in fictional films,but it can appear in other basic types' 

'Spectators approach a narrative with definite expectations'

'We have anticipations that are characteristics of narrative form itself' 

'We make sense of narrative,then by identifying it's events and linking them by cause and effect,time,and space' 

'We often make assumptions and inferences about events in narrative' 

'The term plot is used to describe everything visibly and audibly present in the film before us'

'A long with a body,a Character has traits.traits are attitudes,skills,habits,tastes,

psychological drives,and any other qualities that distinguish the character' 

'The plot may also present causes but withhold story effects,prompting suspense and uncertainty in the viewer' 

'A plots withholding of events is perhaps most disruptive at the end of a film' 

'Horror and science fiction often leave us temporarily in the dark about what forces lurk behind certain events' 

'temporal order,we are quite accustomed to films that present events out of story order,a flashback is simply a portion of a story that the plot presents out of chronological order'

'A single story event may appear twice or even more in the plot treatment' 

'This increased frequency may allow us to see the same action in several ways'

Research

Backwards and flash-forwards by Emma-Louise Howard

Every story has a beginning, middle and end.'

'films such as It's a Wonderful Life suggest alternative realities that could be travelled to and allude to the theory of a 'butterfly effect' - the past controls everything'

LEVI STRAUSS BINARY OPPOSITONS

https://prezi.com/1m-cn2bvetra/binary-opposition-theory-media-studies/

A binary opposition is a pair of related terms or concepts that are opposite in meaning.
examples:
black/white
slow/fast
up/down
rich/poor, medium is middle class.
Critics argued that although everything does have an opposite there is also a medium.Have been said to create balance in the world.without it the world would be unbalanced.

Todorov's narrative theory

Vladimir Propp's character types.

1. The villain (struggles against the hero)
2. The donor (prepares the hero or gives the hero some magical object)
3. The (magical) helper (helps the hero in the quest)
4. The princess (person the hero marries, often sought for during the narrative)
5. The false hero (perceived as good character in beginning but emerges as evil)
6. The dispatcher (character who makes the lack known and sends the hero off)
7. The hero [AKA victim/seeker/paladin/winner, reacts to the donor, weds the princess

Aladdin and Pocahontas both use these character types as do a lot of disney films.

representations of ethnicity

Ethnicity is sometimes represented through stereotypes.West Side Story uses the Latino spitfire through Rita Moreno's character Anita.This is a latino/hispanic women that is showed as feisty with a strong accent.She speaks very fast and some viewers can't understand what she says.This stereotype is still used in media today with Sofia Vergara in modern family.

Representation of an event- Margaret Thatchers death

This representation is not bias, Its very straight to the point and not opinionated.It gives details of her death. It doesn't mention her career or any negative comments about her. However this doesn't make it positive.Some other front pages either mocked her death with puns and jokes such as 'ding dong,the witch is dead' whilst others chose to show her as the woman who saved Britain.It shows it as an important event because the entire front page is dedicated to just this story.

This representation of Margaret Thatchers death is negative. An opinionated celebrity who is known for expressing controversial views describes her as 'barbaric' and a 'terror'. He believes she is the reason there will never be another woman in power  in british politics. He doesn't say anything positive and as he was living in britain at the time her her in power this may be more biased than other representations.

The daily mails representation is very positive. She's labeled as 'the woman who saved britain'




people celebrating margaret's death say she made there lives miserable and are glad to see her gone.people are stood in a group singing ding dong the witch is dead

Representation of women in advertising

The advert uses mythologies such as women like to gossip.She is using the phone and saying 'Darling,I'm tickled pink all over- Im head over heels in new pink dove' it sounds as if she would be talking to a friend.Also that women enjoy being pampered as she is in the bath and her nails are painted.all women love pink and that being feminine is important.

Representation of celebrity: Ariana Grande

Seventeen magazine-September 2014

Here Ariana Grande covers 'seventeen' magazine. The magazine is aimed at teenage girls or even younger as there is a back to school caption. Ariana is dressed some what like a school girl and has a sweet, innocent look on her face. She is also wearing  a ribbon in her hair which may represent youth. although she is not exactly being inviting her  position is quite suggestive.one hand is placed on her hip and the other is placed on her knee. The magazine cover is giving off a 'butter wouldn't melt' and girl next door impression although she is a lot older than she looks. By saying she beat insecurities this will encourage readers to relate with her. They also call her 'pretty powerful'. also just below her an article about how to clear up skin. This makes the audience think that they can have skin as clear as hers. 

Love me harder music video-November 3rd 2014

Although this was just two moths after the magazine cover this video gives a dramatically different representation. Here she is represented as 'sexy'. she is wearing revealing outfits and positioned to connote sex. she is wearing cat ears through out the video which may connote 'sexiness'. However is shocking to see the contrast from the first text as she was represented as young and innocent and in this text she appears to be the opposite.

 

 Here she is arching her back and giving different facial expressions that what she previously had.

 lying down is also a connotation of sex as it positions the audience as if they were on top of her she is also quite thin which may add to the childlike image associated with her before.

  

 

Psycho (1960)

The film was directed by Alfred Hitchcock in 1960.Staring Anthony Perkins and Janet Leigh.
The opening credits have dramatic music, sharp visual imagery and they are long.
A caption is the first thing we see in the actual film. 'Phoenix, Arizona' then 'Friday December eleventh' and finally 'Two forty three PM'. These captions create an equilibrium. A setting and a time for the audience to identify with. Behind the captions there is a seemingly ordinary town/city in daylight with tall buildings. This immediately gives the film a sense of realism and familiarity to the audience.

The camera begins to focus on one block/building in particular and begins to move in closer until the camera  enters through a window. This gives the film a sense of voyeurism and that we are peeking on the characters.The first time we identify with any character is in a hotel room. Marion Crane (Janet Leigh) and Sam Loomis (John Gavin) who are a couple. We learn that Sam and Marion wish to get married however Sam is struggling financially due to debt with his current divorce. Hitchcock wants us to want them to get married.This creates a red herring,will they get married? or will something different happen?

Marion returns to work this identifies with everday life of the audience.A client asks that she deposite $40,000 in cash to pay for a house for his daughter.The client is sleezy and  flirts with Marion and 'doesnt carry money he cant afford to lose'.He gives the impression that he can buy his happiness.this makes the audience instantly dislike him.Marion takes the oppurtunity to steal the money and run away with Sam.She has been in every scene until now and a lot of close ups of just her.Even though she is stealing the audience dont care as we have been forced to identify with just her as she is in every scene,even if her morals are questionable.


The director uses restricted narration as Marion is leaving Phoenix.This means the audience knows as much as she does at this point.This means we see things from her point of view.If we see things from her point of view or close ups of her we are forced to identify with her and put ourselfs in her place.Using empathy will make it more shocking when she dies.

As Hitchcock has so many close ups of Marion we a forced to sympathise with the emotion in her facial expressions.She has wide eyes which have made her appear innocent and child like from the start.So when we start to see nerves and terror in her eyes,particulary when she is in the car and she starts to become anxious and imagine what people are saying about her.This adds to her anxeity.We begin to learn about her past as she has worked there for ten years she was trusted.

When Marion is driving in the rain the only bright light comes from other cars headlights,everything else is dark and dull.The heavy rain and the run in with the police officer are signs she should return. She pulls into Bates Motel and we see the Bates house. The house is dark and the angle is tilted. The disorientation suggests that there is something off or not right with the house itself or its residents.

We learn that Norman's hobby is taxidermy "My hobby is stuffing things. You know - taxidermy" he says her likes to 'stuff things' this may be foreshowing the future some how.

Genre Essay- Barbarella (1968)

The trailer I chose to analyse is a 1968 science-fiction film, Barbarella.Starring Jane Fonda and directed by Roger Vadim.The films genre is science fiction.The film was at first was a box office and criticall failure until its re-release in 1977 as Barbarella:Queen of the Galaxy. Jane Fonda was offered a role that launced her career after Sophia Loren and Brigette Bardot had both turned it down.

Plot- Barabarella is a 41st century astronaunt who lands on planet Lythion.She was sent to retrive Durand Durand, an evil scientists who is threatning the safety of the universe.on her journey she teams up with blind angel Pygar and battles an evil queen.Based on  the french comic.

The first shot is a close up of  gloves being removed,then as the shot continues a woman is removing a spacesuit this immediatly gives away the genre of the film.It then cuts to a long shot of a woman floating in a room.This shot is the first to not be close up so far.The lighting appears to be darker in the background and lighter around the character herself to focus the audiences attention just on her.A line of diolouge is used 'meet the most beautiful creature of the future' adding to the clues of a sci-fi genre.In just one scene the genre is already and is only focused on the character (Jane Fonda).A monatge is used of just Fonda's character in different scenes showing the story reveolves around her and that we are supposed to identify with her.She is in the next 10 shots from different scenes as voice over/narration is used .the only time she isnt in a shot is went there are two spaceships approaching from a long shot,the lighting is dull and dark.Before this Barabarella is being carried by a flying character as she is holding a weapon/gun.the shot of the two characters then disorientates and starts to spin round until she fires.there is then an exlosion in which the only bright light has come from so far.sound effects have comes from these layered on top of dramatic, fast paced music.
Throughout the trailer there are many different close ups of all of the characters but mainly of Jane Fonda's character.This forces us to identify and ocnnect with her as the only lead.Barbarella's costumes and props add to the mise-en-scene of  a sci-fi genre.Her costumes and props/gadgets have a futuristic look to them.
this is also shown through space crafts and the establishing shots.
In the trailer non-diagetic sound is used through voiceover/narration and soundtrack music.
Diagetic sound is also used through sound fx.This could be when there is a gun being fired or an explosion or even a line of dialouge from Barberella.
Iconography of a sci-fi genre is shown mainly through mise-en-scene particularly through costumes.for example the use of aliens/mythical creatures in a science fiction film.it is also shown through the futuristic props used,space setting, and sound fx of explosions.
considering a functional appraoch of binary oppositions.One binary opposition I considered for Barbarella was good vs evil as she encounters villians on her journey but also people willing to help her.

Tv series review

American Horror Story:Coven

Ryan Murphy and Brad Falchuk's not so scary 'Amerian Horror Story' third installment is based around a coven of witches with mulpitple time periods.When Zoe (Taissa Farmiga) discovers she is a witch she is relocated to Miss Robichaux's Acedamy for her protection.the new arrival sees the return of the coven supreme, Fiona Goode (Jessica Lange) which awakens an old rivalry.

'Coven' has most of the reacurring actors such  Evan Peters,Sarah Paulson,Frances Conroy and also sees the debut of  new cast members Kathy Bates, Angela Basset and Emma Roberts.

As coven is the follow up to the anaothogly series previous themes of 'Murder House' and 'Asylum' no surprise it generated a hype with fans as soon as Murphy began dropping hints of  'potions' and 'spells' in the final episodes of season two.

The series is based on horror themes and is grusome but is never really that scary.Infact the opening credits are more terrifiying than the show itself.Also as the seasons usually last only thirteen episodes there isn't much time for the development of some characters so you can be left wondering and with questions.However the level of acting and gory scenes, never dissapoint.

Witches have been done before but not like this.'American Horror Story: Coven' is refreshing,unexpected and dark.Overall I think it's my favourite season yet,expect big plot twists and i'd give it a rating of 8/10.

This is a cropped image.It is close up on the Cats features and the image doesn't entirely fit into the frame.This is a good example of a cropped image as it is focusing on the cats features.

This image has a foreground and background.The foreground is focusing on the dog, the background is focusing on a bridge.It shows two points of interest and adds depth to the photograph.

This photograph is a good example of light and shade as it shows clear contrast between light and dark.this creates mood and tone. The shadow looks distorted and wider 

This is an example of lines and shapes.

this is an example of rules of thirds.it has 3 main points of interest.

Test

This is a test.